Order of Merit for National Foundation

1st Class

Republic of Korea Medal

What is  Merit for National Foundation:

A medal awarded to those who have made distinguished contributions to the establishment of the Republic of Korea or those who have made distinguished contributions to the foundation of the nation.

1st class:

More than 8 years of activity

Gu Kim :

[1876.7.11~1949.6.26]

Achievements

○ Activities to join Shinminhoe(A secret society organized in 1907) in 1908

○ Served as State Minister of the Provisional Government until 1945 in Shanghai.

○ 1930: Organization of the Korean Patriotic Corps and support for patriotic activities

○ 1962 Posthumous award from the Republic of Korea Medal of Merit for National Foundation

Verdicts

  • On March 8, 1896, Kim Gu murdered Tsuchida Zoryo, a Japanese man he met at an inn in the Chihapo area of ​​Hwanghae Province, thinking that he was the Japanese assassin who murdered Empress Myeongseong.

  • The court hanged Kim Gu for robbery and murder, but under the law at the time, a death sentence could only be executed after the king's confirmation, and King Gojong postponed the edict on the death penalty, so Kim Gu was able to save his life.

  • The charge of attempted robbery was a charge created by the Japanese by forcing them to give fictitious testimony through cruel torture. In his memoir, Kim Gu said, “The day An Myeong-geun said he had gathered to attack the wealthy in Anak, I was attending a secret meeting of the Shinminhoe in Seoul. However, the Japanese tortured my student and made him falsely confess that he had seen me and An Myeong-geun together.”

Woo-gyu gang:

[1855.7.14~1920.11.29]

Achievements

  • Assassination Attempt on Saitō Makoto
    On September 2, 1919, Gang Woo-gyu attempted to assassinate the newly appointed Governor-General of Korea, Saitō Makoto, by throwing a bomb at Namdaemun Station. Although the bomb missed its target, it caused significant damage and injured 37 Japanese officials and supporters.

  • Established Guangdong Middle School
    In 1917, Gang founded Guangdong Middle School in Jilin Province, China, dedicated to educating Korean expatriates and promoting the spirit of independence among them.

  • Built Sinheung Village
    Gang Woo-gyu led the development of Sinheung Village, a Korean settlement in Liaodong, which later became a key base for independence fighters operating in Russia and northern Manchuria.

  • Support for Independence Activism
    Collaborated with Korean independence activists in Manchuria and Vladivostok, providing financial and strategic support for anti-Japanese efforts.

  • Maintained Defiance During Trial
    Even after his capture and sentencing to death, Gang stood firm in his beliefs and continued to advocate for Korean independence until his execution.

Verdicts

  • Assassination Attempt and Trial
    Gang was arrested on September 17, 1919, and sentenced to death by the Japanese colonial authorities for his failed assassination attempt on Governor-General Saitō Makoto and for causing civilian injuries.

  • Execution
    Gang Woo-gyu was executed by hanging on November 29, 1920, at Seodaemun Prison, remaining defiant in court throughout his trial.

Jwa-jin kim :

[1889.11.24~1930.1.24]

Achievements

○ 1907: Joined the Shinminhoe, a secret society focused on Korean independence and reform.

○1911-1913: Imprisoned in Seodaemun Prison for efforts to establish a military academy for independence fighters.

○1920: Led the Korean forces to victory in the Battle of Cheongsanri against Japanese forces.

○1921: Organized the Korean Independence Corps to continue resistance efforts against Japanese occupation.

○1928: Founded the Korean United Independence Party to unify nationalist forces.

○1929: Became president of the Korean People's Association, leading nationalist movements.

○1930: Established the Korean Independence Corps to train and organize resistance fighters.

○1962: Posthumously awarded the Republic of Korea Medal of Merit for National Foundation for his contributions to Korean independence.

Verdicts

  • Kim Jwa-jin was never formally tried or convicted for his activities but faced continuous persecution by Japanese authorities.

  • He was assassinated on January 24, 1930, by communist operatives due to his nationalist stance.

  • His death symbolized the internal conflicts among Korean independence activists during that era.

  • Despite not having a formal trial, his legacy as a key figure in the Korean independence movement is honored posthumously.

Chang-sook kim:

[1879.7.10~1962.5.10]

Achievements

  • Paris Peace Conference (1919):

    • Authored and submitted the Paris Jangseo (Paris Declaration), urging global recognition of Korea's independence based on the principle of self-determination.

    • Actively spread the message to international diplomats and Korean communities abroad.

  • Provisional Government of Korea (1919-1920):

    • Participated in establishing the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai.

    • Served as a member of the Provisional Assembly and Deputy Speaker.

    • Supported the Yeontongje (liaison system) to enhance communication among independence activists.

  • Independence Fundraising (1925):

    • Raised military funds to build bases for Korean independence forces.

  • Educational Reforms:

    • Founded Seongmyeong School in Seongju to promote anti-colonial education and national enlightenment.

    • Advocated for modernized education to instill a sense of nationalism and counter colonial influence.

  • Anti-Collaboration Movement:

    • Denounced pro-Japanese collaborators, such as the Iljinhoe (Japan-supporting political group), publicly exposing their betrayal.

    • Organized the Korean Literati's protests against the 1905 Eulsa Treaty and Japanese annexation plans.

Verdicts

  • Arrested by Japanese authorities for raising funds for independence.

  • Sentenced to 14 years in prison.

  • Held at Daegu Prison, where he endured torture but maintained his resistance, stating:

    • “As a citizen of Korea, I deny Japanese law. Entrusting my defense to Japanese legal advocates would contradict my beliefs. I will not seek survival by surrendering my integrity.”

Gyu-sik Kim :

[1881.01.29~1950.1.24]

Achievements

Represented Korea at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, submitting petitions and statements advocating for Korean independence.

  1. Delivered speeches to international audiences, including at the Foreign Press Club, exposing Japan’s colonial oppression.

  2. Appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs, Education, and Propaganda, and later Vice President of the Provisional Government.

  3. Lobbied U.S. Congress to discuss Korean independence and led diplomatic missions across America and Europe.

  4. Founded and led unification movements such as the Korean United Front Against Japan (1932) and the Korean National Revolutionary Party (1935).

  5. Taught at the Central Military Academy in Nanjing, helping train officers for Korea's armed resistance.

  6. Delivered compelling speeches in fluent English in the U.S., raising thousands of dollars for the independence cause.

  7. Founded the Sino-Korean Cultural Association and the Korean Christian Welfare Association to support Koreans abroad and maintain momentum for independence.

Younghwan Min:

[1861.08.07~1905.11.30]

Achievements

Promoted Enlightenment and Modernization: Advocated modernization and civil liberties after observing Western advancements during diplomatic missions to Europe and Russia (1896–1897).

  1. Supported the Independence Club: Actively backed the Independence Club and pushed for Korea’s first national assembly through parliamentary reform in 1898.

  2. Resisted the Eulsa Treaty (1905): Condemned Japan’s forced treaty that stripped Korea of its sovereignty and called for the execution of the five pro-Japanese collaborators.

  3. Committed Patriotic Suicide: On November 30, 1905, he took his own life in protest of Japanese aggression, leaving behind a will urging Koreans to rise up and restore independence.

  4. Appealed to the International Community: Sent letters to foreign embassies revealing Japan’s unlawful annexation and seeking global support for Korean independence.

verdicts

Briefly Arrested by Japanese Authorities: After protesting the Eulsa Treaty in 1905, Min Yeong-hwan was detained by Japanese forces along with Jo Byeong-se while petitioning outside Daehan Gate. He was later released.

  1. No Formal Trial or Court Judgment: There are no historical records of a Japanese court trial or official verdict against him during the Japanese occupation.

Jae-pil Seo:

[1864.01.07~1951.01.05]

Achievements

Leader of the Gapsin Coup (1884): Attempted to establish a modern government; fled abroad after the coup failed.

  1. Founder of Korea's First Private Newspaper (1896): Published The Independent in Hangul to enlighten the public and promote independence ideals.

  2. Founder of the Independence Club (1896): Led civil campaigns to construct the Independence Gate, hold mass civic debates, and resist Russian encroachment.

  3. Organizer of the People’s Joint Association (1898): Led Korea’s first modern mass rallies, successfully pressuring the government to block Russian influence.

  4. Deported by Korean Government (1898): Expelled due to his influence and reform efforts; a testament to his political impact.

  5. Diplomatic Leader in Exile (1919–1925): Promoted Korean independence globally through the Korean Commission, Korea Review, and U.S. advocacy.

  6. Met with President Harding (1922): Directly lobbied the U.S. President for Korean independence.

  7. Pan-Pacific Conference Delegate (1925): Delivered powerful anti-Japanese speeches, representing Korea on an international stage.

  8. Donated Entire Fortune: Sacrificed his medical practice and wealth (~$76,000) for Korea’s independence cause.

Verdicts

Deported by Korean Government (May 14, 1898): There is official historical documentation that the conservative Korean government, in cooperation with Russian and American powers, forcibly expelled Seo Jae-pil (Philip Jaisohn) due to his political activism.

  1. No Japanese Trial or Court Judgment: Despite his extensive anti-Japanese activities abroad, there are no records of him being tried or judged in a Japanese court during colonial rule.

Byeong-hee son:

[1861.04.08~1922.05.19]

Achievements

Leader of the Donghak Peasant Revolution (1894): United northern and southern Donghak forces and led military resistance against government and Japanese forces.

  1. Revived and Modernized Donghak as Cheondogyo (1905): Became the third leader, established schools and a publishing house, and contributed to religious and educational reform.

  2. Principal Organizer of the March 1st Movement (1919): Initiated the plan to declare independence, unified religious leaders across denominations, and led the ceremony at Taehwagwan.

  3. Signed the Korean Declaration of Independence: As one of the 33 national representatives, he led the symbolic act that triggered the nationwide movement for independence.

verdicts

Arrested and Tried by Japanese Authorities (1919–1920): Following the March 1st Independence Movement, Son Byeong-hui was arrested by Japanese police, and in 1920, the Gyeongseong Court of Appeals sentenced him to 3 years in prison for violating the Security Law and Publication Law.

  1. Served 2 Years in Seodaemun Prison: Released before completing his sentence due to illness; he died shortly after his release during recovery.

Ik-hui shin:

[1894.06.09~1956.05.05]

Achievements

Founding Member of the Provisional Government of Korea (1919): Played a central role in its formation, legislative framework, and constitutional development.

  1. Held Multiple Key Ministerial Posts: Served as Vice Minister of Justice, Minister of Justice, Foreign Affairs, Education, Interior, and Secretary-General of the State Council throughout the independence movement.

  2. Led Government Reform and Party Unity Movements: Helped form the Korean National Revolutionary Party (1935) and Korean National Struggle Alliance (1937), seeking unification of independence forces.

  3. Helped Establish Korean Liberation Army (1940): Contributed to organizing the Liberation Army under the Provisional Government.

  4. Shaped Public Diplomacy and Propaganda: Directed communication strategy as part of the Ministry of Propaganda during WWII.

  5. Served in Post-Liberation Korea: After 1945, held senior positions in government including Speaker of the National Assembly.

Jung-geun Ahn:

[1879.09.02~1910.03.26]

Achievements

Educator and Patriot: Founded schools in Jinnampo to foster national consciousness through education.

Righteous Army Commander (1908): Led armed resistance against Japanese forces in northern Korea.

Severed Finger Alliance (1909): Formed a blood oath with fellow patriots to fight for Korea’s independence.

Assassinated Itō Hirobumi (1909): Carried out the assassination at Harbin Station, a historic act of resistance against Japanese imperialism.

Symbol of Korean Resistance: His final act and patriotic words became a rallying cry for independence activists across East Asia.

verdicts

Tried and Executed by Japanese Authorities (1910):

  • Arrested by Russian forces and extradited to Japan’s Lushun Prison.

  • Subjected to six court hearings from February 7 to 14, 1910.

  • Sentenced to death for the assassination of Itō Hirobumi.

  • Executed on March 26, 1910.

  • At trial, he refused to acknowledge Japanese legal authority, asserting that his act was part of a just war for national independence.

Chang-ho Ahn:

[1878.11.09~1938.03.10]

Achievements

Leader in Enlightenment and Education Movements: Founded schools and cultural institutions in Korea and the U.S., such as Daeseong School, Dongmyeong Academy, and Kongnip Sinbo.

  1. Organizer of Key Independence Groups: Co-founded Sinminhoe, led the Korean National Association, and organized Heungsadan, fostering civic training and unity.

  2. Provisional Government Leader: Served as Minister of Interior, Acting Prime Minister, Chief of Labor, and led the Yeontongje communication system, playing a vital role in early administrative development.

  3. Advocate of National Unity and Economic Self-Reliance: Promoted cooperative movements (Tongin Mutual Aid, Gongpyeongsa) and worked to unify independence forces through initiatives like the Only-One National Party.

  4. Resistance to Japanese Rule: Continued public lectures even under surveillance, and worked tirelessly for national consciousness and moral reform.

Verdicts

  • Imprisoned by Japanese Authorities (1932):

  • Arrested in April 1932 in Shanghai following Yun Bong-gil’s bombing.

  • Extradited to Korea and sentenced to 4 years in prison by the Gyeongseong District Court on December 19, 1932.

  • Released in 1935, then re-arrested in 1937 for connections to Suyangdonguhoe.

  • Granted bail due to serious illness and died in March 1938.

Woon-hyung Lyuh:

[1885.04.24~1947.07.19]

Achievements

Catalyst of the March 1st Movement: Strategically organized Korean nationalist actions across Asia, including the 2.8 Declaration in Japan and demonstrations in Manchuria and Siberia.

  1. Founding Member of Key Independence Organizations: Helped establish the Provisional Government, New Korea Youth Party, Korean Laborers and Soldiers Association, and the Shanghai branch of the Korean Communist Party.

  2. Advocate for Korean–Chinese–Soviet Unity: Played a liaison role between the Chinese Nationalists, Communists, and Soviet advisors, advocating support for Korean liberation.

  3. Military and Political Organizer: Planned military training (via Whampoa Academy), promoted the June 10th Movement, and sought unified fronts through socialism and nationalism.

  4. Journalist and Educator: Founded the Inseong School, led the Chosun JoongAng Ilbo, and emphasized education and press as tools of resistance.

  5. Visionary of Post-Liberation Korea: Founded the Korea Reconstruction League (1944) to prepare for post-Japanese governance.

verdicts

Arrested and Imprisoned by Colonial Authorities:

  • 1929: Arrested by British police in Shanghai for anti-colonial speech; extradited to Korea and imprisoned for 3 years.

  • 1940s: Arrested twice by Japanese police for underground independence activities.

    • Received 3-year prison sentence in one case.

    • Received 1-year sentence with 3 years suspended in the other.

Dong-jin Oh :

[1889.08.14~1944.12.01]

Achievements

Early Involvement in Education and Resistance: Founded Ilshin School in Uiju after graduating from Daeseong School in Pyongyang; participated in the March 1st Movement (1919) and fled to Manchuria.

  1. Organized Youth Militias in Manchuria: Co-founded the Gwangje Youth Corps and Greater Korean Youth Federation, contributing to resistance planning and support logistics.

  2. Key Member of Korean Independence Military Units: Served as Second Company Commander in the Liberation Army Command (1920), organizing and dispatching agents into Korea for sabotage missions.

  3. Led Armed Raids on Japanese Facilities (1920): Coordinated attacks including:

    • Assassination of a Japanese officer in Anju,

    • Bombings of police stations in Pyongyang, Sinuiju, and Sunchon.

  4. Administrative and Military Leader in Provisional Structures:

    • Held positions such as Finance Chief, Transport Chief, and Commander-in-Chief across the Tongui-bu, Uigun-bu, and Jeongui-bu.

    • Instrumental in forming a united front among the three major Korean independence armies (Jeongui-bu, Shinmin-bu, Chamui-bu).

  5. Established the Goryeo Revolutionary Party (1926) and led the military wing of Jeongui-bu.

  6. Social Reformer: Co-founded Agricultural Mutual Aid Society in 1927 to uplift 2 million Korean expatriates through farming, education, and public health.

  7. Appointed to the Provisional Government's State Council in 1925 and reappointed in 1926, though remained active in Manchuria.

Verdicts

1920: Tried in absentia by Japanese colonial court for organizing and dispatching sabotage units; sentenced to 10 years in prison.

  1. 1927: Betrayed by an informant and arrested by Japanese forces at Heungdo Station on the Giljang Line.

  2. 1932: After a 6-year trial, sentenced to life imprisonment by Pyongyang Court of Appeals.

  3. 1934: Sentence commuted to 20 years, but he died in prison due to harsh conditions.

Bong-gil Yoon:

[1908.06.21~1932.12.19]

Achievements

Early Rejection of Colonial Education: In 1919, at the age of 12, dropped out of Japanese colonial school in protest of imperialist education following the March 1st Movement.

  1. Grassroots Nationalist Education and Reform Movement:

    • Studied Confucian classics and nationalist literature in a private village school.

    • Founded Buheung Night School (1928) to educate rural youth.

    • Published Nongmin Dokbon, promoting thrift, national pride, and self-reliance.

    • Led rural education and cooperative movements such as Woljinhoe.

  2. Exile and Labor Activism in Shanghai: Fled to China in 1930; worked as a laborer and organized Korean Workers' Mutual Aid Society.

  3. Joined the Korean Patriotic Corps (한인애국단): In April 1932, formally pledged his life for armed resistance under Kim Gu.

  4. Carried out the Shanghai Hongkou Park Bombing (April 29, 1932):

    • Threw a bomb disguised as a water bottle at a Japanese victory ceremony, killing and injuring multiple high-ranking military and diplomatic officials including:

      • General Shirakawa (died of wounds),

      • Admiral Nomura (blinded),

      • Minister Shigemitsu (crippled),

      • Civilian leader Kawabata (killed).

    • The act shocked the world and revitalized Korean resistance efforts.

  5. Posthumous Symbol of Heroism: His final poem, written for his children, became an enduring expression of patriotic sacrifice.

verdicts

May 25, 1932: Tried and sentenced to death by a Japanese military court in Shanghai.

December 19, 1932: Executed by firing squad (26 bullets) at Kanazawa military prison work site.

Kang-nyeon lee:

[1858.12.30~1908.09.19]

Achievements

Passed Military Service Exam (1880): Appointed as an officer (선전관) before retiring during the Gapsin Coup (1884).

  1. Joined Donghak Peasant Revolution (1894): Unusually for a former government official, joined the Donghak Army and led efforts to eliminate corrupt officials.

  2. Led Righteous Army (의병) Resistance (1896–1908):

    • Organized an independent militia in Mungyeong (1896) after Empress Myeongseong's assassination and the haircut ordinance (단발령).

    • Formed alliance with Yu In-seok's Righteous Army in Jecheon; served as guerrilla general (유격장).

    • Fought multiple battles across Chungcheong, Gyeongsang, and Gangwon provinces — including in Jecheon, Danyang, Wonju, Yeongwol, and Cheongpung.

    • Appointed Dochaechalsa (도체찰사) by Emperor Gojong in 1907 to raise armies across four provinces.

    • Led successful joint campaigns with other commanders such as Min Geung-ho and Kim Sang-tae.

    • Scored multiple victories, including major battles at Jecheon (1907), Baekdamsa (백담사, 1908), and Jaesan (재산, 1908).

  3. Notable Military Tactics:

    • Practiced guerrilla warfare using ambushes and tactical retreats.

    • Employed deceptive strategies and mountain-based mobility, commanding over 260 troops at peak strength.

Verdicts

June 1908: Captured after being wounded in the ankle during the Battle of Ggachiseong (까치성).

  1. Refused Japanese medical treatment and fasted in protest during captivity.

  2. Tried by the Japanese colonial court (평리원) in Seoul.

  3. Sentenced to death and executed by hanging on September 19, 1908, at the age of 51.

Seunghoon Lee:

[1864.03.25~1930.05.09]

Achievements

Educator and Reformer:

  • Founded Kangmyeong Uisuk School after being inspired by Ahn Chang-ho’s 1907 lecture in Pyongyang.

  • Helped establish Osan School through a dedicated foundation.

  • Joined Shinminhoe (New People’s Association) and later converted to Christianity in 1910, incorporating Christian values into his education mission.

  1. Imprisoned in 105 People Incident (1911):

    • Accused of involvement in the Shinminhoe Incident and the 105 People Incident.

    • Sentenced to 10 years by Gyeongseong District Court.

    • Served 4 years and 2 months in Daegu and Gyeongseong Prisons before being released in 1915.

  2. Leader in March 1st Movement (1919):

    • Played a key role in mobilizing Christian leaders for the independence movement.

    • Organized planning meetings, recruited fellow Christians (e.g. Gil Seon-ju, Yang Jeon-baek), and helped unify forces with Cheondogyo and Buddhism.

    • Participated in final coordination meetings and the March 1 Declaration of Independence at Taehwagwan in Seoul.

    • Was among the 33 signers of the Declaration, shouting “Mansei” before being arrested.

  3. Post-Prison Work:

    • After release in 1922, he revitalized Osan School and briefly became the president of The Dong-A Ilbo newspaper in 1924.

    • Promoted rural development through the Jamyeonhoe (Self-Discipline Society), offered land for communal farming, and improved rural livelihoods

verdicts

1911: Sentenced to 10 years imprisonment by the Gyeongseong District Court in connection with the Shinminhoe and 105 People Incidents.

  1. 1915: Released on parole after serving 4 years and 2 months.

  2. 1920: Following the March 1st Movement, sentenced to 3 years in prison by the Gyeongseong Appellate Court for violating the Security Law and Publication Law.

  3. Served prison time at Seodaemun Prison, then released in July 1922 on parole.

siyoung lee:

[1869.12.03~1953.04.17]

Achievements

High-Ranking Joseon Official Turned Independence Leader:

  • Passed the state exam in 1886 and served in various senior positions: Vice Minister of Justice, Director of Diplomatic Negotiations, Provincial Governor of Pyeongan-do, President of Hansung Court, and High Court Judge until 1909.

  1. Co-founder of the Shinminhoe (New People’s Association):

    • In response to the 1905 Eulsa Treaty, he secretly joined Ahn Chang-ho, Yi Seung-hun, Jeon Deok-gi, and Yi Dong-nyeong in founding the Shinminhoe, promoting anti-Japanese resistance from within the government.

  2. Exile to Manchuria (1910):

    • After Korea’s annexation in 1910, Yi exiled himself with his entire extended family (over 50 people) to Juejia Fort, Liuhe County, Manchuria, to lay the groundwork for military resistance.

    • Established Sinheung Military Academy (initially as Sinheung Training Institute), which produced 3,500+ independence fighters, many of whom led the Battle of Cheongsanri (1920).

  3. Korean Provisional Government (1919–1945):

    • Participated in planning the March 1st Movement (1919) in Beijing, then moved to Shanghai, becoming:

      • First Minister of Justice of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea.

      • Later appointed Minister of Finance, managing independence funds until 1926.

    • Coordinated underground missions to Korea to gather funds and intelligence, many of which led to arrests and torture of operatives by the Japanese.

    • 1929: Elected Chairman of the Audit Committee of the Korean Independence Party.

    • 1933: Rejoined the restructured Provisional Government as State Councilor and Minister of Justice.

    • 1942: Reappointed as Minister of Finance after the government relocated to Chongqing due to the Second Sino-Japanese War.

  4. Wartime Strategy and Literature:

    • Coordinated evacuation plans for officials in Hangzhou before Yun Bong-gil’s bombing in 1932.

    • Published “Gamsi Mano (感時漫語)” in 1934, inspiring moral strength in the resistance.

  5. Post-Liberation:

    • Despite Japan’s surrender in 1945, Korea couldn’t participate as a recognized Allied power in disarming Japanese forces.

    • Became the first Vice President of the Republic of Korea in 1948 after liberation.

Verdicts

No criminal conviction or legal verdict was recorded against Yi Si-yeong by Japanese authorities.
He evaded arrest by fleeing Korea in 1910 and operated the rest of his life in exile in Manchuria and China.

jun Lee:

[1859.01.21~1907.07.14]

Achievements

Legal Career and Early Reform Involvement:

  • Graduated from the Judicial Training Institute in 1895, later serving as a prosecutor and official in the Hanseong Court.

  • Joined the Independence Club (1898) and gave public speeches during the Manmin Gongdonghoe (Public Assembly of All People).

  1. Anti-Japanese Secret Societies and Activism:

    • Member of the Gaehwagdang (Reform Party) (1902) with leaders like Yi Sang-jae and Yi Sang-seol.

    • Organized anti-Japanese protests during the Russo-Japanese War (1904) and led opposition to Japan’s wasteland development rights as General Secretary of the Daehan Boanhoe (Korean National Protection Association).

    • Co-founded successor groups such as the Daehan Hyeopdonghoe and Gongjinhoe to counter pro-Japanese forces.

  2. Opposition to the Eulsa Treaty (1905):

    • Led multiple street protests and petitions demanding annulment of the treaty.

    • Wrote and signed formal appeals, rallied crowds at Daehan Gate, and gave speeches that resulted in violent clashes with Japanese police.

  3. Educational and Enlightenment Activities:

    • Founded the Gukmin Gyoyukhoi (National Education Association) (1906) and led the Hanbuk Heunghakhoe in Hamgyeong to promote patriotic education.

    • Advocated constitutional reform through the Heonjeong Yeonguhoe, later joining the Daehan Jaganghoe to expand enlightenment efforts.

  4. The Hague Secret Emissary Affair (1907):

    • Dispatched as Vice-Envoy with Yi Sang-seol and Yi Wi-jong to the 2nd Hague Peace Conference to denounce the 1905 Eulsa Treaty and assert Korea's sovereignty.

    • Delivered Emperor Gojong’s letter to the Russian Tsar and attempted to address international delegates—blocked by Japan and Britain.

    • Issued protest declarations, conducted press interviews, and helped Yi Wi-jong deliver a public lecture in French titled An Appeal for Korea to foreign journalists.

    • Died on July 14, 1907, in The Hague, widely believed to be due to stress, indignation, and exhaustion following diplomatic failure.

verdicts

Convicted In Absentia:
After his diplomatic efforts at The Hague, the Japanese Resident-General’s Office (통감부) held a trial in absentia, sentencing Yi Jun to life imprisonment.

Byeong-jik lim:

[1893.10.26~1976.09.21]

Achievements

Early U.S. Activism (1913–1919):

  • Traveled to the U.S. in 1913 with recommendation from Syngman Rhee.

  • Enrolled at Ohio University, where he founded and edited Korean Student Review (한국학생평론) to raise awareness of Korea’s situation under Japanese rule.

  • Supported educational initiatives like Korean Central Academy and Korean Christian Institute in Hawaii, founded by Syngman Rhee.

  1. 3.1 Movement Advocacy & Diplomacy (1919–1921):

    • Raised awareness about Japanese massacres and torture following the March 1st Movement.

    • Collected independence funds and served as Secretary-General of the Korean National Convention of Koreans in America (organized by Rhee and Seo Jae-pil).

    • Acted as Syngman Rhee’s secretary in the Korean Commission to America and Europe (구미위원부); delivered Rhee’s letter demanding recognition of Korea’s independence to the Japanese legation.

    • In early 1921, toured Paris and London with Hwang Jin-nam (황진남), spreading anti-Japanese messages and meeting with pro-Korean British advocate G.L. Shaw to discuss strategies.

  2. Activities in the U.S. (1941–1945):

    • Became an executive committee member of the Federation of Korean Associations in America (재미한족연합회) during the 1941 Overseas Koreans Conference in Honolulu.

    • Appointed to the Korean National Defense Guard (한인국방경비대, “Tiger Corps”) as an officer in charge of propaganda and liaison (1942).

    • Served as military attaché to Syngman Rhee in the Korean Commission, aiding U.S.-Korea diplomatic efforts during World War II.

  3. Post-Liberation Government Roles:

    • Contributed to national foundation by serving as Presidential envoy, Foreign Minister, and UN Ambassador after Korea’s independence.

man-sik jo:

[1883.02.01~1950.10.18]

Achievements

Educational Leadership:

  • Studied at 숭실중학교 and later at Meiji University in Japan.

  • Became principal of Osan School (오산학교) and later of 숭인중학교, emphasizing Christian and national education.

  1. Active Role in the 3.1 Independence Movement (1919):

    • Organized the second wave of demonstrations in Pyongyang.

    • Imprisoned for one year for his leadership role and jailed in Pyongyang Prison.

  2. Economic and Educational National Movements:

    • Founded the Pyongyang branch of the Korean Products Promotion Society (조선물산장려회) in 1922.

    • Actively promoted the Korean National University Establishment Movement (조선민립대학기성회), elected as central executive member.

  3. Political Activism:

    • Co-founded Singanhoe (신간회) in 1927, a united front of nationalists and socialists; served as Pyongyang branch president.

    • Arrested during attempt to hold a mass rally in support of the Gwangju Student Independence Movement in 1929.

  4. Media and Cultural Leadership:

    • Served as president of the Chosun Ilbo (조선일보) in 1932, revitalizing the newspaper’s pro-independence mission.

    • Supported the Chindan Academy (진단학회) for Korean historical and linguistic studies.

  5. Opposition to Japanese Imperial Policies:

    • Refused cooperation with Japanese military enlistment programs in 1943.

    • Rejected Shinto shrine worship, resulting in closure of his church and temporary arrest.

  6. Post-Liberation Activity:

    • Led Pyongan Province's Provisional Government Committee and People’s Political Committee.

    • Founded the Korean Democratic Party (조선민주당) and opposed Soviet-led trusteeship.

    • Detained by Soviet authorities in 1946 and subsequently disappeared (presumed executed).

verdicts

1919: Sentenced to 1 year in prison by Japanese colonial court for organizing the March 1st Independence Movement in Pyongyang.

  • 1943: Briefly detained by Japanese authorities for refusing to support military conscription and Shinto shrine worship.

verdicts

1919: Sentenced to 1 year in prison by Japanese colonial court for organizing the March 1st Independence Movement in Pyongyang.

  1. 1943: Briefly detained by Japanese authorities for refusing to support military conscription and Shinto shrine worship.

Byeong-se jo:

[1827~1905.12.01]

Achievements

Early U.S. Activism (1913–1919):

  • Traveled to the U.S. in 1913 with recommendation from Syngman Rhee.

  • Enrolled at Ohio University, where he founded and edited Korean Student Review (한국학생평론) to raise awareness of Korea’s situation under Japanese rule.

  • Supported educational initiatives like Korean Central Academy and Korean Christian Institute in Hawaii, founded by Syngman Rhee.

  1. 3.1 Movement Advocacy & Diplomacy (1919–1921):

    • Raised awareness about Japanese massacres and torture following the March 1st Movement.

    • Collected independence funds and served as Secretary-General of the Korean National Convention of Koreans in America (organized by Rhee and Seo Jae-pil).

    • Acted as Syngman Rhee’s secretary in the Korean Commission to America and Europe (구미위원부); delivered Rhee’s letter demanding recognition of Korea’s independence to the Japanese legation.

    • In early 1921, toured Paris and London with Hwang Jin-nam (황진남), spreading anti-Japanese messages and meeting with pro-Korean British advocate G.L. Shaw to discuss strategies.

  2. Activities in the U.S. (1941–1945):

    • Became an executive committee member of the Federation of Korean Associations in America (재미한족연합회) during the 1941 Overseas Koreans Conference in Honolulu.

    • Appointed to the Korean National Defense Guard (한인국방경비대, “Tiger Corps”) as an officer in charge of propaganda and liaison (1942).

    • Served as military attaché to Syngman Rhee in the Korean Commission, aiding U.S.-Korea diplomatic efforts during World War II.

  3. Post-Liberation Government Roles:

    • Contributed to national foundation by serving as Presidential envoy, Foreign Minister, and UN Ambassador after Korea’s independence.

verdicts

1905: Arrested by Japanese military police during protest against the Eulsa Treaty.

  • Released the next day due to old age.

  • No formal trial or sentencing recorded prior to his death.

so-ang jo:

[1887.04.10~1958.09.10]

Achievements

Influenced by Rhee Syngman’s lectures in Tokyo in 1911, which sparked his anti-Japanese nationalism and commitment to independence.

  1. Fled to Shanghai in 1913 and worked with Shin Gyu-sik and Park Eunsik to transform Dongjesa into Bakdal Academy to train revolutionaries.

  2. Co-founded various nationalist organizations, including Dae-dong Party, Shin-A Dongjesa, and religious-nationalist Yukseongyo in 1915.

  3. Organized the February 8 Independence Declaration by mobilizing Korean students in Tokyo (1919).

  4. Joined and held multiple leadership roles in the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (Shanghai):

    • Appointed as Minister of Transportation in April 1919.

    • Elected member of the provisional legislative body (임시의정원).

    • Served as secretary-general of the State Council (국무원 비서장).

    • Acted as special envoy and diplomat in charge of communication, propaganda, and fundraising.

  5. Participated in major diplomatic missions, such as:

    • Assisting Kim Kyu-sik at the League of Nations in Paris (1922).

    • Publishing Manzhouli Declaration criticizing communism after attending the Moscow Communist Congress (1921).

  6. Ideological contributions:

    • Founded Samgyunjuui (Three Equalities Principle) — political, economic, and educational equality — adopted by the Korean Independence Party (1929).

  7. Key figure in armed resistance planning:

    • Helped initiate patriotic actions by Yi Bong-chang and Yun Bong-gil through Aegukdan.

    • Composed declaration of independence distributed during Kang Byeong-hak’s attempted bombing in 1934.

  8. Rejoined and restructured Korean Independence Party after leaving the short-lived National Revolutionary Party (1933).

  9. Diplomatic and ideological efforts during WWII:

    • Wrote declarations, diplomatic letters, and organized the Korea Restoration Army (광복군) establishment ceremony in 1940.

    • Promoted Korean independence internationally and coordinated efforts with Chiang Kai-shek’s Chinese government.

    • Helped lay the groundwork for Korea’s inclusion in discussions at the Cairo Conference (1943).

  10. Declared war against Germany in 1945 as Foreign Minister of the Provisional Government.

  11. Post-liberation:

    • Served as vice chairman of the Korea Independence Party and leader of the Socialist Party.

    • Became a National Assembly member before being abducted by North Korea during the Korean War.

  12. Awarded the Order of Merit for National Foundation (대한민국장) in 1989.

Ik-hyeon Choi:

[1833. 12. 05~1907. 01. 01]

Achievements

Scholar-official who passed the state examination (명경과 갑과) at age 23, known for his unwavering 위정척사 (Uphold Orthodoxy, Reject Heterodoxy) philosophy and resistance to corruption and foreign encroachment.

  1. Submitted numerous memorials to the throne (including 시폐4조 in 1868, 오조상소 in 1873, and 지부복궐 척화의소 in 1875) opposing government corruption, Japanese influence, and opening of ports to foreign trade.

  2. Led peaceful anti-Japanese appeals through over 30 memorials between 1875–1906, condemning Japanese aggression and the Eulsa Treaty (1905).

  3. Transitioned to armed resistance in 1906 at age 74, organizing an uibyŏng (righteous army) in Jeolla Province with leaders such as Im Byeong-chan and others.

  4. Commanded a force that grew to around 800 volunteers, issuing declarations of resistance to the Japanese consulate and rallying support through public calls to arms.

  5. Engaged in several advances and mobilizations across Taein, Jeongeup, Sunchang, and Gokseong, gathering both civilian volunteers and local marksmen.

verdicts

Captured by Korean government troops allied with Japan in June 1906.

  1. Tried under Japanese authority and sentenced to 3 years’ imprisonment; exiled to Tsushima Island.

  2. Endured harsh conditions, including attempted hunger strike in protest, leading to severe illness.

Yong-un Han:

[1879.08.29~1944.06.29]

Achievements

Born in Hongseong, Chungcheongnam-do, became a Buddhist monk at Baekdamsa in 1905 after traveling Manchuria’s Jiandao region and engaging in liberation activities.

  1. Advocated reformist, engaged Buddhism based on Mahayana prajñā thought; authored Buddhist Canon (불교대전) at Beomeosa to promote Buddhism’s role in social change.

  2. Founded and published monthly magazine “Yusim” (唯心) in 1916, leading enlightenment movements and cultural activism.

  3. Played a leading role in the March 1st Movement (1919) as one of the 33 national representatives:

    • Reviewed and supported the drafting of the Declaration of Independence, insisting on the title “독립선언서” instead of “독립청원서.”

    • Persuaded Buddhist leader Baek Yongseong to join the movement and authorized his seal for the declaration.

    • Delivered the opening remarks at the March 1st Declaration Ceremony at Taehwagwan in Insa-dong.

  4. After release from prison (1920), continued resistance through literature and activism:

    • Published poetry collection “님의 침묵” (The Silence of My Beloved) in 1926, a landmark of resistance literature.

    • Joined Shin’ganhoe in 1927 as Central Executive Committee member and Seoul branch chief.

    • Led the Joseon Buddhist Youth League (1931) to strengthen youth activism; published in Buddhism magazine to promote mass enlightenment and anti-Japanese thought.

verdicts

Arrested on March 1, 1919 by Japanese police after the Declaration of Independence.

  1. 1920: Sentenced by Gyeongseong Court of Appeals to 3 years imprisonment under the Security Law and Press Law; served time at Seodaemun Prison.

Wi Heo:

[1854. 04. 01~1908. 10. 21]

Achievements

Participated in the First Righteous Army War as a Confucian scholar, and in the Second Righteous Army War as a former government official.

  1. Held progressive Gaehwa ideals despite his Wijeong Cheoksa background, recognizing the superiority of Western technology.

  2. In 1896, organized a Righteous Army with Yi Eun-chan, Cho Dong-ho, Yi Gi-ha, and others, seizing weapons from Gumsan and recruiting forces between Gumsan and Seongju.

  3. Later entered government service (1899) as Yeonghuijeon Chambong, becoming Seonggyungwan Professor, Judge of Pyeongliwon, Ministerial Aide of State Council, and Vice Director of the Office of Royal Secretariat.

  4. Proposed Ten Reform Measures including education, military readiness, infrastructure, forestry protection, agricultural development, fair taxation, currency reform, abolition of slavery, and merit-based officialdom.

  5. After Japan’s growing influence and the signing of the Eulsa Treaty (1905), resigned and returned to private life, but later received the “Eudaejo” royal order to raise forces (1907).

  6. Served as Chief of Staff and Commander of the Jin-dong Righteous Army in the 13-Province Righteous Army coalition, leading campaigns through Gyeonggi and Hwanghae.

  7. Reorganized the Righteous Army along the Imjin River, issuing military law, printing military currency, training soldiers, manufacturing weapons, and negotiating with foreign revolutionary groups for aid.

  8. Continued guerrilla warfare and diplomatic appeals for the restoration of Korean sovereignty despite foreseeing possible failure, stating: “I do this not because I believe I will succeed, but because I cannot bear to live with the enemy.”

verdictS

Captured by Japanese military police on May 1908 during the Righteous Army campaign.

  1. Imprisoned at Seodaemun Prison, interrogated, and ultimately executed by hanging on October 21, 1908 (lunar September 27) at age 51.

Beom-do Hong :

[1868.08.27~1943. 10. 25 ]

Achievements

In 1895, immediately after the assassination of Empress Myeongseong, raised a righteous army (uibyeong) in Huchang to begin armed resistance against Japan.

  1. In late 1907, alongside Cha Do-seon, launched another uibyeong uprising in Gapsan, South Hamgyeong Province, serving as a commander. Carried out armed actions such as executing members of the pro-Japanese Iljinhoe, seizing postal mail, cutting telegraph lines, and killing Japanese policemen.

  2. After Cha Do-seon was captured in May 1908, led a force of about 500 men. With Japanese forces increasing in the area, fled to Russian territory.

  3. In Jangbaek and Musong, organized the "Artillery Corps" with other fighters, continuing the armed struggle and sending units back into Korea to engage in battles with Japanese forces.

  4. In 1919, after the March 1st Movement, formed the Korean Independence Army in North Manchuria, attacked the Japanese garrison at Hyesanjin, crossed into Korea to occupy Ganggye and Manpojin, and in Jasongun killed around 70 Japanese soldiers before returning safely.

  5. Until March 1920, carried out multiple incursions into Hoeryeong, Jongseong, and Onseong, boosting Korean morale.

  6. In 1920, as co-commander with Choi Jin-dong, defeated a large Japanese force in the famous Battle of Bongodong.

  7. Later that year, as commander of the 1st Regiment, took part in the Battle of Cheongsanri, contributing to a major defeat of Japanese troops.

  8. Served as Vice President of the Korean Independence Corps, assisting President Seo Il in reorganizing the independence forces.

  9. In 1922, appointed Senior Military Recruitment Committee member of the Korean Central Executive Committee in Blagoveshchensk.

  10. In 1923, participated in the Joseon Independence Corps Military Government Council in Iman, Russia, planning recruitment, supply of arms and provisions, and incursions into Korea.

  11. Spent later years in the Russian Far East focusing on training younger independence fighters.